MAJOR INTERNATIONAL PROJECT : Focused on neutrino science (Deep under ground neutrino experiment - DUNE )

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), a major international project focused on neutrino science. Here are some key details about the project: • Overview The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is designed to explore fundamental questions about the nature of neutrinos and their role in the universe. Neutrinos are incredibly abundant yet elusive particles that can provide insights into the origins and evolution of the universe. • Key Features

1. Neutrino Detectors: Near Detector: Located at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab) in Batavia, Illinois, this detector records particle interactions near the source of the neutrino beam. Far Detector: Situated more than a kilometer underground at the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, this larger detector captures neutrinos after they have traveled 1,300 kilometers from the source. 2. Research Goals: Neutrino Oscillations: DUNE aims to study how neutrinos change "flavors" as they travel, which could reveal new physics beyond the Standard Model. Matter-Antimatter Asymmetry: By understanding neutrino behavior, scientists hope to uncover why the universe is made of matter rather than antimatter. Proton Decay: The experiment will search for signs of proton decay, which could provide insights into the stability of matter and the unification of fundamental forces. Supernova Neutrinos: DUNE will observe neutrinos from supernovae, offering a glimpse into the processes occurring in the core of collapsing stars. • Recent Developments Prototype Detectors: Two prototype far detectors are being tested at CERN, with one already collecting data since September 2018. Construction Progress: The Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is under construction to support the DUNE detectors, with groundbreaking for excavation and construction at Sanford Lab occurring in July 2017. • Significance DUNE is expected to make groundbreaking discoveries that could transform our understanding of particle physics and the universe. It involves over 1,000 scientists from around the world, making it one of the largest neutrino experiments globally. If you have any specific questions or need more detailed information about the DUNE project. 1: Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment] https://www.dunescience.org/ 2: BNL | Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE)https://www.bnl.gov/science/dune.php 3: en.wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Underground_Neutrino_Experiment. ● ● ● One of the prominent neutrino projects in India is the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO). Here are some key details about the project: • Overview The India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is a major particle physics research project aimed at studying atmospheric neutrinos. It is located in a 1,200-meter-deep cave under INO Peak near Theni, Tamil Nadu. • Key Features 1. Iron Calorimeter (ICAL) Detector: The main experiment at INO involves the Iron-Calorimeter Detector, which aims to probe the Earth's matter effects on the propagation of atmospheric neutrinos and determine neutrino oscillation parameters. This detector will be the world's largest magnet, four times larger than the 12,500-tonne magnet in the Compact Muon Solenoid detector at CERN. 2. Research Goal: Neutrino Oscillations: The project aims to provide precise measurements of neutrino mixing parameters, which are crucial for understanding neutrino oscillations. Earth Matter Effects: By studying how neutrinos interact with the Earth's matter, scientists hope to gain insights into the fundamental properties of these particles. 3. Collaborative Effort: The INO project is a multi-institutional collaboration involving several research institutes across India. It is one of the largest experimental particle physics projects undertaken in the country. • Recent Developments Construction Progress: The project has faced delays but is currently underway. The Union Cabinet has approved the setting up of the observatory in the Bodi West Hills region of Theni district. Environmental Clearance: The project has received clearance from the Ministry of Environment for construction in the reserved forest area. • Significance The INO project is expected to make significant contributions to the field of particle physics by providing valuable data on neutrino properties and interactions. It will also enhance India's capabilities in high-energy physics research and foster international collaborations. If you have any specific questions or need more detailed information about the INO project, (1) India-based Neutrino Observatory - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory. (2) India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) - A Brief Overview - BYJU'S. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/india-based-neutrino-observatory-ino/. (3) UK signs international agreement to support neutrino experiment. https://www.ukri.org/news/uk-signs-international-agreement-to-support-neutrino-experiment/. (4) INO:India-based Neutrino Observatory. https://www.ino.tifr.res.in/ino/. (5) en.wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India-based_Neutrino_Observatory.